Hot Flashes after Menopause in Women | Causes

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What are hot flashes after menopause? You might know that hot flashes are one of common symptoms of menopause period in women. In the end of menopause period, they tend to be better and then usually gradually go away on their own. 
But there are also a few women that still experience hot flashes -- though they have already been in the postmenopause (the normal period of women after menopause)!
Causes of hot flashes in the postmenopause!
There are still not satisfied answers for the exact causes of hot flashes after menopause. But there are also several possible causes that may lead to this condition, some of them may include:
Something wrong between hypothalamus and body!
Hypothalamus is a section of your brain that has a significant contribution in controlling the amounts of heat which can raise the level of the body’s temperature. And some experts believe that a miscommunication between hypothalamus & body may lead to what we call as hot flashes (or sometimes people also call them as ‘hot flushes’).
During perimenoupause and menopause, the levels of estrogen or other hormones decrease gradually -- and this may generate wrong-signals received by hypothalamus in regulating the amount of heat in the body. Then hypothalamus gives an order for the body to produce certain chemicals to respond these false signals. These chemicals then create more sweat glands and body-heat by widening the blood vessels within the skin. 
Additionally, hot flushes also can be categorized into vasomotor symptoms (a kind of health condition group that often associated with the alternative constriction & dilation of the blood vessels of the body).
Other opinions
Hot flashes in the postmenopause should be lighter than when they occur during perimenopause and menopause. And during postmenopause (particularly hot flashes after the age of 60), the hormone balance usually out -- therefore the causes of the hot flushes in this period may be often associated with the lifestyle choices. Being overweight, lack of physical activity and poor fiber intake are some possible factors that may lead to hot flushes in the postmenopause.
Other factors or conditions that may also have contribution in causing hot flashes after menopause are;

1. Certain dairy products & certain spicy foods.
2. Cigarette smoking or too much exposure to the secondhand smoke from cigarette smoking.
3. Too much having alcoholic beverages & caffeinated beverages.
4. Too much exposure to sun (or warm environments).
5. Uncontrollable stress.
6. Emotional flushing & neurological.
7. Women who experience menopause too early (or at an early age), why? Because this condition will not give adequate time for a woman’s body to adjust the new extremely changes from the active menstruation period to the end of menstruation period.
8. Even there are some experts who have opinion that women who experience breast cancer may also have high risk of experiencing hot flashes in their postmenopause period.
9. Another possible cause is the rapid changes in the proteins (RANK (a receptor) and RANKL (the protein that binds to receptor)) may also be able to lead hot flushes in women who lose their estrogen balance.

How long do hot flashes after menopause last?
Having hot flashes after the period of your menopause is not common, and unfortunately there is no exact formula to determine how long do they last! A few women can experience hot flushes after 5 years or more from the last day of their menopause period.
How long the duration of hot flush in the postmenopause may also be closely related to the cause. So, it’s so important for the doctor to find the clearly possible cause first before recommending any treatment.
What should you do to get over hot flashes after menopause?
Some lifestyle changes (such as keeping hydrated, eating healthy foods, eliminating unhealthy habits, doing regular exercise (like Zumba, yoga, aerobics, etc), using layers of clothing, and so on) may help reduce the symptoms and treat your hot flushes, but however it’s important to see a doctor to get clearly diagnosis, right treatments, and other helpful advices!
So, don’t get you own conclusion for any symptoms that you have -- once again consult with a doctor for more in-depth information.
Furthermore, sometimes women who experience hot flushes in their postmenopause period may also be considered to get evaluation of their adrenal glands. 
Once you reach your menopause and postmenopause, the mechanism of your body to make small amounts of androgen, progesterone, and estrogen will be taken over by these adrenal glands. Lifestyle conditions, like stressful mentally or stressful physically may affect the performance of your adrenal glands which then may result hot flushes.
If there is something wrong with your adrenal glands, your doctor may recommend using vegan diet to control or minimize your hot flushes symptoms. One of vegan diet goals is to make sure that patient will get the right proportion /adequate vitamins and good fats per day.
You may also be interested to know hot flashes in men?!
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Image credit to ‘shutterstock’ for illustration

PWM Generator with Current Limit Circuit

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PWM Generator with Current Limit Circuit

SG3524

The SG2524 and SG3524 incorporate all the
functions required in the construction of a
regulating power supply, inverter, or switching
regulator on a single chip. They also can be used
as the control element for high-power-output
applications. The SG2524 and SG3524 were
designed for switching regulators of either polarity,
transformer-coupled dc-to-dc converters, transformerless
voltage doublers, and polarity converter applications
employing fixed-frequency, pulse-width-modulation
(PWM) techniques. The complementary output allows
either single-ended or push-pull application. Each device
includes an on-chip regulator, error amplifier, programmable
oscillator, pulse-steering flip-flop, two uncommitted
pass transistors, a high-gain comparator, and current-limiting
and shut-down circuitry.

5A switching regulator with Adjustable Current Limit

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5A switching regulator with Adjustable Current Limit

LM26795A Step-Down Voltage Regulator
with Adjustable Current Limit
DescriptionThe LM2679 series of regulators are monolithic integrated
circuits which provide all of the active functions for a stepdown
(buck) switching regulator capable of driving up to 5A
loads with excellent line and load regulation characteristics.
High efficiency (>90%) is obtained through the use of a low
ON-resistance DMOS power switch. The series consists of
fixed output voltages of 3.3V, 5V and 12V and an adjustable
output version.
The SIMPLE SWITCHER concept provides for a complete
design using a minimum number of external components. A
high fixed frequency oscillator (260KHz) allows the use of
physically smaller sized components. A family of standard
inductors for use with the LM2679 are available from several
manufacturers to greatly simplify the design process.
Other features include the ability to reduce the input surge
current at power-ON by adding a softstart timing capacitor to
gradually turn on the regulator. The LM2679 series also has
built in thermal shutdown and resistor programmable current
limit of the power MOSFET switch to protect the device and
load circuitry under fault conditions. The output voltage is
guaranteed to a ±2% tolerance. The clock frequency is
controlled to within a ±11% tolerance.
Features- Efficiency up to 92%
- Simple and easy to design with (using off-the-shelf
external components)
- Resistor programmable peak current limit over a range
of 3A to 7A.
- 120 mΩ DMOS output switch
- 3.3V, 5V and 12V fixed output and adjustable (1.2V to
37V ) versions
- ±2%maximum output tolerance over full line and load
conditions
- Wide input voltage range: 8V to 40V
- 260 KHz fixed frequency internal oscillator
- Softstart capability
- −40 to +125°C operating junction temperature range

Simple Large Fan-In AND Gate circuit

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Simple Large Fan-In AND Gate circuit

We can make simple Large Fan-In AND Gate circuit by one Voltage
Comparators from circuit below

Vout = A and B and C and D and ….
This circuit is application of LM139
LM139
Low Power Low Offset Voltage Quad Comparators
The LM139 series consists of four independent precision
voltage comparators with an offset voltage specification as
low as 2 mV max for all four comparators. These were
designed specifically to operate from a single power supply
over a wide range of voltages.

All pins of any unused comparators should be tied to the
negative supply.

The output of the LM139 series is the uncommitted collector
of a grounded-emitter NPN output transistor. Many collectors
can be tied together to provide an output OR’ing function.


Vo = A or B or C

Remote I/O expander circuit

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Remote I/O expander circuit

Each of the PCF8574’s eight I/Os can be independently
used as an input or output.
PCF8574Remote 8-bit I/O expander for I2C-bus
The PCF8574 is a silicon CMOS circuit. It provides general
purpose remote I/O expansion for most microcontroller
families via the two-line bidirectional bus (I2C).

The device consists of an 8-bit quasi-bidirectional port and
an I2C-bus interface. The PCF8574 has a low current
consumption and includes latched outputs with high
current drive capability for directly driving LEDs. It also
possesses an interrupt line (INT) which can be connected
to the interrupt logic of the microcontroller. By sending an
interrupt signal on this line, the remote I/O can inform the
microcontroller if there is incoming data on its ports without
having to communicate via the I2C-bus. This means that
the PCF8574 can remain a simple slave device.

Address of PCF8574 can set at pin A0,A1,A2
slave addresses.

Bladder Cancer

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Bladder is another important part of our body that helps in disposal of wastes from our body. Bladder is responsible for collecting and storing urine till it is finally disposed off from our body. The occurrence of cancer in bladder is known as bladder cancer.

Bladder Cancer

Types of bladder cancer


Depending on what cells are affected by bladder cancer, the bladder cancer is known as urothelial cell cancer or squamous cell cancer. There are other types of bladder cancer too and sometimes the same kind of bladder cancer might be known by two or more different names too.


Cause of bladder cancer


Exposure to chemicals (as used in certain types of factories) and smoke (tobacco smoke) can lead to a greater risk of bladder cancer. So, the risk of bladder cancer is higher in smokers (and this is besides the fact that smoking can really increase the risk of lung cancer). However, not many smokers pay heed to the advice about quitting smoking. Like a number of other types of cancer, the bladder cancer too occurs mostly in older people i.e. people who are above the age of 50. The exact causes of bladder cancer are, however, a matter of research and the researchers are continuously working towards getting an answer to this.


Symptoms of bladder cancer


As you would have thought, the symptoms of blood cancer are associated with the process of urination. Pain in the bladder or frequent urge for urinating are other symptoms which might indicate bladder cancer. However, none of these symptoms can be conclusively related to bladder cancer. These symptoms could very well be caused by other conditions or infections. Getting worried about bladder cancer without having gone through proper diagnosis can do nothing but harm your peace of mind. So, if you feel that you have such symptoms you must immediately consult a qualified doctor.


Diagnosis of bladder cancer


The diagnosis of bladder cancer starts with urine tests. The doctor may perform/ prescribe other tests in order to diagnose bladder cancer. X-rays, blood test, intravenous urogram and biopsies could also be used for testing bladder cancer. Again, catching bladder cancer in early stages can really help in combating this dreaded condition.


Treatment of bladder cancer


Based on how bad the bladder cancer is (and also the type of bladder cancer), the doctor will draw out your treatment plan. The treatment can range from surgery to radiotherapy or chemotherapy. There are a few other treatments for bladder cancer but really it all depends on the type of cancer, the stage of cancer etc.

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What Should Cancer Patients Eat?

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Persons who are in the process of being treated for cancer needs a well-balanced diet for fast recovery. Doing so can make the body strong and enable it to help in the fight to rid itself of cancer cells. It is necessary to look at the scientific evidence in determining diets, supplements and other advice regarding nutrition. Be cautious in taking vitamins that will only cause distortion in the body's nutritional balance. Consider a cure that is based on a specific diet.

What Should Cancer Patients Eat?

A cancer patient can add protein to his diet. For instance, add skim milk powder to the regular milk used in recipes. Two tablespoons can give added protein. He can also add diced or ground meat to soups and casseroles. Select also dessert recipes that contain eggs like sponge and angel food cake, egg custard and bread pudding. Calories can also be added by trying sour cream or yogurt on vegetables such as potatoes, carrots, squash or beans. One can also add raisins, dates or chopped nuts and brown sugar to his cereals.


Fiber promotes regular bowel movement and healthy digestive system. A diet high in fiber and low in fat may reduce the risk of colon and rectum cancers. To get sufficient fiber, concentrate on foods made with whole grains. Eat more fruits and vegetables. Apples, peaches, pears, potatoes, strawberries and raspberries are good sources of fiber. In order to lower the amount of fat in the body, season vegetables with herbs, spices and lemon juice rather than with fats and salt. Select a low-fat margarine and dairy products.

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Stomach Cancer

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Stomach is a body organ that is responsible for breaking down the food into semi-solid state. The glands within the stomach produce several chemicals/enzymes that help in the digestion of the food. Formation of cancerous tissue within the stomach is known as stomach cancer.

Stomach Cancer

Types of stomach cancer


There are a few different types of stomach cancers. However, the most well known stomach cancer is the one that occurs in the glandular cells of the stomach. This type of stomach cancer is also known as adenocarcinomas. Then there are other types of stomach cancer (based on the cells that are affected by cancer).


Causes of stomach cancer


There is a lot of research going on for ascertaining the exact causes of the stomach cancer. As of now, stomach cancer is known to happen more in older people i.e. people above 60 years of age. Some theories also suggest that certain conditions of stomach (including some types of stomach infections) could also increase the risk of stomach cancer. There are also suggestions of stomach cancer being linked to genes.


Symptoms of stomach cancer


The currently known symptoms of stomach cancer cannot really point to stomach cancer. As you would have imagined, the stomach cancer symptoms include things like indigestion, nausea, pain, tiredness etc. In case you feel that you are displaying some or all symptoms, you should consult a qualified doctor and get a check-up done. This can help in not only allaying your fears of stomach cancer but also help in early detection of stomach cancer (and thus facilitate treatment of stomach cancer).


Diagnosis of stomach cancer


You should make a note of and narrate the symptoms to the doctor as best as you can. This can really be helpful to the doctor doing the diagnosis. The diagnosis of stomach cancer will generally start with blood test and stool test. Endoscopy could be the next test in line for stomach cancer. In fact, endoscopy is quite effective in detecting stomach cancer. The cells collected from stomach are taken up for biopsy for further ascertaining the presence of stomach cancer. Couples of other stomach cancer detection techniques are used too but endoscopy seems to be the most common one.


Treatment of stomach cancer


Like most other cancer types, stomach cancer treatment is also carried out mostly through surgery. However, chemotherapy could also form part of your treatment. Depending on the need, the doctor might also advise radiotherapy for treatment of stomach cancer.

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Bowel Cancer

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Bowel cancer may also be called rectal, colorectal or colon cancer. However, once the cancer has spread beyond the wall of the bowel, it becomes harder to treat. The bowel cancer statistics on these pages are designed for use by health professionals. If you are looking for information because you or someone you know has been affected by bowel cancer, then the Cancer Help UK pages on bowel cancer may be more useful and relevant. Cancer Help UK also includes a straightforward guide to understanding statistics.

Bowel Cancer

The large bowel, also called the colon, is the last section of your digestive system. Food passes through your small bowel (the longer, thinner part of your bowel) where nutrients are absorbed. Food waste then travels through your colon (large bowel) where it becomes more solid faces. Your colon has three sections - the ascending, transverse and descending colon. The rectum, at the end of your colon, is where faces collect before passing through your anus as a bowel movement.


The cancer develops when one of the cells in the colon develops a series of changes (mutations) in some of the genes that control how the cell divides and survives. As a result, the cell divides uncontrollably to form a clump of malignant (cancerous) cells. Initially, these cell changes commonly produce a polyp (a clump of abnormal cells the size of a pea on the end of a stalk of normal cells) called an adenoma.


The bowel is the long 'tube' that absorbs water and nutrients from food and processes waste products into faces. It includes the small bowel, colon and rectum. Bowel cancer is diagnosed in more than 3,400 Victorians and over 12,500 Australians every year. It mostly affects people over 50 years of age but it can happen in younger people. Cancer of the bowel is also known as colorectal cancer.


Bowel cancer is caused by the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells in the lining of the bowel. Usually, large bowel cancers develop from small, non-cancerous (benign) growths of tissue called polyps that can extend from the lining of the bowel wall. Sometimes these can become cancerous (malignant). If the cancer is left untreated, it can grow through the wall of your bowel and spread to other parts of your body.


Once food has been swallowed, it passes down the gullet (oesophagus) to the stomach, where digestion begins. It then passes through the small bowel, where essential nutrients are taken into the body. The digested food then moves into the large bowel, and water is absorbed by the colon. The colon starts at the bottom, right-hand side of the abdomen. The first part goes up and is known as the ascending colon. It then goes across to the left side of the abdomen. This part is called the transverse colon. It then goes down to the bottom of the abdomen: this part is called the descending colon, and ends in the sigmoid colon, rectum and anus.


Although the exact cause of bowel cancer isn't understood, it's known genetics can play a part. Specific genetic mutations can cause bowel cancer or inherited diseases known to predispose to the condition. For example, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) accounts for about one per cent of all cancers of the colon and rectum. It causes widespread development of polyps throughout the bowel from the teenage years onwards, many of which rapidly become cancerous.

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Bone Cancer

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Bones form the core structure of our body. In total, there are 200 bones in a human body that support us and provide protection to our body organs. Though bone cancer is not as common as most other types of cancer, it is quite dangerous like most cancers.

Bone Cancer

Types of bone cancer


There are mainly 2 categories in which we can classify bone cancer - primary bnne cancer and secondary bone cancer. When the bone cancer originates in the bone itself, it is categorised as primary bone cancer and when it spreads from a cancer elsewhere in the body it is known as secondary bone cancer. Though there are quite a few different kinds of bone cancer, the most common one is Osteosarcoma. This type of bone cancer occurs primarily in younger adults and affects knee joints the most.


Cause and symptoms of bone cancer


The exact causes of bone cancer still seem to be a matter of research and study. The symptoms of bone cancer are linked to the position of the cancer-affected bone in the body. One of the symptoms of bone cancer is incidence of swelling or tenderness or pain in the area affected by bone cancer. The formation of a lump is another indication of bone cancer. Though the detection of a bone cancer related lump is a bit difficult in the initial stages of bone cancer, the lump can sometimes be felt (due to the restriction in movement that it causes) when the bone cancer occurs at joints (e.g. knee joints). However, none of these symptoms are prominent indicators of bone cancer.


Diagnosis of bone cancer


If you experience a lump or any of the bone cancer symptoms, you must not neglect them and seek advice of a qualified doctor. Remember that early diagnosis of any type of cancer (not just bone cancer) can help in getting a cure and reducing the threat to life.


Treatment of bone cancer


Removal of bone tumour through surgical procedures is one the most common ways of treating bone cancer. Radiotherapy and chemo therapy are other ways of treating bone cancer. A combination of different techniques is sometimes used to form a more effective bone cancer treatment. The kind of treatment to be administered is dependent on the stage of bone cancer and the place of its occurrence.

Is this possible to use Green tea to fight Leukemia?

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Do you that green tea can be use to fight a leukemia? In our daily life we know that green tea subjected to many scientific and medical studies to determine the extent of its long-purported health benefits.

green tea

Chronic lymphocyte leukemia is the most common subtype of leukemia in the U.S.. There is currently an incurable disease. Unlike most other types of cancer where early diagnosis increases the chance that the patient can be cured, treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy is associated with increased toxicity but no increase in patient survival.

Despite this harsh reality, there is good news. A study published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology showed patients with chronic lymphocyte leukemia in a phase of an investigation, had a reduction in their lymphocyte in 33% of the participants. By doing this, the team of cancer researchers from the State University of New Jersey, is a positive correlation between green tea and a possible treatment for leukemia.

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Several epidemiological studies have shown that consumption of green tea reduced the risk of cancer. Furthermore, prevent the formation of a tumor in animal models of tea, supported their ability to affect fundamental processes such as cancer, angiogenesis and inflammation.

Green tea in a pill is still a long way before the Food and Drug Administration approves it prescribed by your doctor. The counting in the phase 2 and phase 3 studies, we have approximately 4 to 5 years for the commercialization of everything went well. And I am not the cost of these pills.

A drink made with cheap ingredients, tea purchased from local market Defense Mechanisms of these problems. The fact is that food is a drug that we seem quite prepared to take at least three times per day.

Medical info | Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia

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Adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a disease in which cancer cells develop in the blood and bone marrow. AML is also called acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside large bones in the body. Bone marrow cells are produced by immature immortal stem cells. These stem cells produce slightly more mature cells called the explosion that the development of (adult) in the following types of blood cells that do specific jobs in the body:

Red blood cells carry oxygen and other materials to all tissues in the body.
White blood cells that fight infection.
Platelets make the blood clot.

Adult acute myeloid leukemia affects explosion which develop into white blood cells called granulocytes. In adult acute myeloid leukemia, the explosion is not mature and become too numerous. These immature blast cells are then incorporated into the blood and bone marrow.

The disease develops rapidly, and the treatment is different for adults than for children.

Cancer info | Cancer of the Adrenal Cortex

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There are two adrenal glands, one above each kidney in the back of the upper abdomen. Each adrenal gland consists of two layers:

The adrenal cortex, the outer layer of the adrenal, various steroid hormones;
The adrenal PITH or inner layer of the adrenal gland that produces hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.



Cancer of the adrenal cortex, also called adrenocortical carcinoma, is discussed below. (Cancer of the adrenal PITH, also called pheochromocytoma is discussed separately.)

The cells in the adrenal cortex of important hormones that help the body to function properly. When cells in the adrenal cortex become cancerous, they may make too much of one or more hormones, which can lead to symptoms such as high blood pressure, weakening of the bones, or diabetes. Cancers that hormones are called functioning tumors. However, many cancers of the adrenal cortex hormones and no additional nonfunctioning tumors.

A person with the following symptoms you should seek medical pain in the abdomen, weight loss without diet and weakness. If there is a functioning tumor may cause symptoms or signs caused by too many hormones, such as high blood pressure, weakening of the bones, or diabetes.

If a patient has symptoms of cancer of the adrenal cortex, the doctor for blood and urine tests to see if the amounts of hormones in the body is normal. A doctor may also be a computed tomography scan, a special x-ray optical using a computer to a picture of the inside of the abdomen. Other special x-rays can also be taken to determine the type of tumor is present.

The risk of recovery (prognosis) of cancer of the adrenal cortex is dependent on how far the cancer has spread (the stage of the disease) and a doctor can perform surgery to remove all cancer.

Adrenal info | Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma

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When cancer of the adrenal cortex is diagnosed more tests done to see how far the cancer has spread, a process called staging.

Treatment varies depending on which stage of the disease. The following stages are used for cancer of the adrenal cortex:



Phase I - cancer is less than 5 cm (less than 2 inches) wide and has not spread in the tissue around the adrenal. During this phase, the primary treatment is likely to have an operation for cancer.

Phase II - cancer is more than 5 cm (less than 2 inches) wide and has not spread in the tissue around the adrenal. During this phase, the primary treatment is likely to have an operation for cancer, but clinical studies are now underway to test new therapies for this stage of the disease.

Phase III - cancer of the tissues around the adrenal gland or has spread to the lymph nodes around the adrenal. Lymph nodes are part of the lymphatic system disorders, and are small, bean-shaped organs and store infection fighting cells. During this phase can be any of the following:

Surgery for cancer. Lymph nodes in space can also be removed (lymph node dissection).
A clinical trial of radiotherapy.
A clinical trial of chemotherapy if the size of the tumor can be measured by X-ray and / or if the tumor makes hormones.

Phase IV - the cancer has spread to tissues or organs in the area and the lymph nodes around the adrenal cortex, or the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. During this phase can be any of the following:

A clinical trial of chemotherapy.
Radiation to the bone when the cancer has spread.
Surgery for cancer in places where it has spread.
Periodic - The cancer is back (again) after it has been processed. It may come back in the adrenal cortex or in another part of the body. Treatment during this phase depends on several factors, including where the cancer came back and what treatment is received. In some cases, surgery may be effective in reducing symptoms of the disease by removing a part of the tumor. The clinical trials are currently testing new treatments for this phase of the disease.

Cancer info | AIDS-Related Lymphoma

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The lymphatic system consists of thin tubes that branch, like blood vessels in all parts of the body. Lymph vessels carry lymph, a colorless, watery fluid containing white blood cells called lymphocytes. Along the network of vessels are groups of small, bean-shaped organs called lymph nodes. Clusters of lymph nodes make and store infection fighting cells.

Spleen (an organ in the upper abdomen that lymphocytes and filters old blood cells from the blood), thymus (a small organ under the sternum) and tonsils (an organ in the throat) is also part of the lymph system.



Since there is lymph tissue in many parts of the body, cancer can spread to almost all body organs or tissues as liver, bone marrow (the spongy tissue inside large bones that makes blood cells), spleen, or brain.

AIDS-related lymphoma is a disease in which cancer (malignant) cells are in the lymphatic system disorders in patients with AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). AIDS caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which attacks and weakens the immune system. Infections and other diseases that can penetrate the body and the immune system can not fight them.

Lymphoma is divided into two general types of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkins lymphoma, which is classified by how their cells look under a microscope. This provision is histology. Histology is also used to determine which type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (many). The types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas are classified by how quickly they spread: low-grade, intermediate quality or high quality. In mid-or high-grade lymphomas grow and spread more quickly than low-grade lymphoma.

The main types of lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma can occur in people with AIDS. In mid-and high-grade types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma usually in AIDS patients. Both forms of lymphoma can also occur in adults and children.

Causes and Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer and its Treatment

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Causes and Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer

The only cause of ovarian cancer; those who have used oral contraceptives are at a decreased risk.
Symptoms:

• In early stages there are usually no symptoms.
• Vague abdominal discomfort, indigestion, or other mild gastrointestinal problems.
• Abdominal swelling or bloating.
• Pelvic fullness or pressure.
• Urinary frequency.
• Unexplained vaginal bleeding or abnormal menstrual cycles.
• Weight loss.


Diagnosis, patient history and physical examination are needed. Abdominal ultrasound or ct (computed tomography) scans are used to locate tumors. However, the diagnosis of ovarian cancer can only be made by obtaining a tissue sample for microscopic examination (biopsy), most likely during surgery.

For effective alternative prevention and cure just follow the link below:
The cure within one minute

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT FOR OVARIAN CANCER
Ovarian cancer occurs when cancer cells form malignant tumors in one or both ovaries. With about 23,000 new cases diagnosed each year, ovarian cancer is the seventh most common type of cancer in women. Although the overall incidence is relatively low, the death rate from ovarian cancer is very high. It is the most deadly of all gynecologic cancers and the fourth most common cause of cancer related death in women. The reason for the low survival rate is that ovarian cancer usually produces no noticeable symptoms in its early stages, and there is currently no simple test to screen for it. Consequently the disease is first suspected during a routine pelvic examination.

Prognosis varies depending on the type and the stage of the disease, but the overall five-year survival rate is between 30 and 40 percent. It is therefore important to keep up with regular pelvic examinations; diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer in the earliest stage yields nearly a 90 percent five-year survival rate. Owing to recent advances in treatment, the survival rate has improved even among women with late stage disease, and some types of ovarian cancers can now be cured.

Prevention and treatment varies also depending on the choice of the patient whether conventional or alternative. Conventionally speaking there are no known ways to prevent ovarian cancer. Scheduling regular pelvic examinations however, may help to detect ovarian cancer at an earlier, more treatable stage.

To be more balance we have to view first the conventional treatment:
• When cancer is strongly suspected, surgery (known as exploratory laparotomy) is performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease (staging) in order to plan the future course or treatment. Tumors found during this procedure are moved, if possible and examined by a pathologist.
• Most often both ovaries are surgically removed. In addition, the fallopian tubes, uterus, neighboring lymph glands, or any other involved tissues may be removed as well (radical hysterectomy).
• Surgery is typically followed by chemotherapy or radiation treatment to shrink or eliminate any remaining cancer sites.
• Follow up second look surgery may be scheduled at some point during the course of the therapy to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment and to remove any new malignancies although the value of second look surgery is controversial.
• People are now looking for alternative ways. Now, these treatments are not only dealing with the effects but are digging deeper to treat the cause. That’s why most of it are all effective if applied properly. All alternative cancer cure are non invasive and the one that you’re going to see is very powerful and its one of the most highly recommended approach by almost 15,000 European doctors just follow the link below. It bypasses conventional approach cause it will treat the patient at the cellular level bringing all the nutrients our cells need through the one minute cure. Now this one is not an ordinary treatment in the market. We need to know and utilize how to apply this powerful alternative cancer cure.


There are so many ovarian cancer – prevention and treatment that needs to be discuss here. But for more information about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment just follow the link below and you will discover how powerful this alternative treatment is not only to cancer but for all diseases as well.

For effective alternative prevention and cure just follow the link below:
Safe Cancer Treatment - Alternative Cure To Cancer Guide
The cure within one minute

□■Treatment

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Treatment for this stomach cancer very much depends on the size, location, stage of disease and patient’s health. Patient may probably have to receive more than one type of treatment. Patients may suggest to the doctor about taking part in a clinical trial, a research study on new treatment methods. It is an important option for patients any any stage. There will be a group of specialist including gastroenterologists, surgeons, medical oncologists , radiation oncologists ,oncology nurses and registered dietician to plan  your treatment choice and effects.

▶ A total or partial gastrectomy
A total gastrectomy  normally  is a surgery mainly on upper part of the stomach. The surgeon remove the whole stomach organ , nearby lymph nodes, part of esophagus and other nearby tissues. This surgery takes longer time to heal. Patients may suffer severe pain for first few days .Medicine can be provided to help endure the pain. Many patients who undergone this surgery will feel tired and weak for a period of time. Health care team will look after the patients to watch for any signs of bleeding or infections .This surgery can also causes patients to suffer from diarrhea or constipation. These symptoms depend on the patients and can be  controlled by taking medicines .For partial surgery, lower part of stomach with the cancer cell will be removed by surgeon. The surgeon will attach the remaining part of stomach organ to the intestine. Lymph nodes or other tissues which are nearby may be removed away .
▶ ChemotherapyMost patient suffer from stomach cancer will get chemotheraphy treatment. This treatment uses drugs to kill cancer cell. It may be given either before or after surgery. It is often given with radiation theraphy. The drug for the treatment is given through intravenous .Patient may receive this treatment in an outpatient part of hospital , doctor’s office or at home. Some patients may have to be hospitalized throughout this treatment. Although this treatment kills fast- growing cell, it also harm cells that are good. There are some side effects after this treatment as the following;
□     Blood cells level⊹As the drug kills healthy blood cells when killing cancer cell, levels of healthy cells will decrease. Patients most likely to get infections, bruises or even bleed easily. If the healthy blood level  is to low, health team will have to stop or reduce the dose of drug. ■    Hair loss⊹This treatment may cause hair loss.  Hair will grow back after treatment but the colour and texture may be changed.□     Poor appetite and nausea⊹This treatment causes patients to lose their appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or mouth and lip sores. They usually go away when treatment ends. Health team can give medicine which is granisetron transdermal system. It is a patch used for preventing nausea and vomiting  for chemotheraphy patients. It can help to    prevent  after receiving it for five consecutive days. Granisetron consist of  an ingredient which is sancuso which will prevent serotonin( a neurotransmitter which will bind to chemoreceptor trigger zone) from binding to nerves which was trigger by chemoreceptor agent thereby prevent nausea and vomiting.
▶ Radiation TheraphyIt uses high energy rays to kill cancer cells. This radiation theraphy usually is given with chemotheraphy to treat the stomach cancer. The radiation comes from a large machine . This treatment has to be done either in clinic or hospital. It usually have to be 5 days a week for several weeks.  The side effects  is depends on dosage and type of radiation. For external radiation to chest and abdomen, it may cause sore throat , heartburn pain or pain in stomach or intestine. Nausea and diarrhea may also be the side effect.It is common for patient’s skin at the treated area to be dry, reddish and itchy. Resting is important but normally doctors will suggests that the patients to be more active unless it leads to pain. The side effect will go away after the treatment.                                                                     ★ (Adapted from  http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/282780/enlarge)▶Stent, radiation theraphy and laser theraphyThis is only for patient whose cancer tumor  has block the digestive tract. This patient with advanced stomach cancer may have tumor blocks the passage for food to flow. The surgeon may use endoscope to place a stent, tube made of mesh or plastic in the patient’s intestine so that the food can flow through. Radiation theraphy may help to reduce the size of tumor which is blocking the intestine.  Another method is by laser theraphy. It is a concentrated beam of light that kills tissue with heat. The laser is placed in the patient’s digestive tract by endoscope. Cancer cell which blocks the digestive tract is destroy by the laser.
 ▶Second opinionThis is before the patient receive any treatment. The patient may discuss with their doctor that they might want a second option from another doctor. If the second option is the same with  the first or is another way of treatment, the patient will have more information on their own disease.  

□■Diagnosis

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If you ever suffer severe pain in the stomach, you should make an appointment to be examined by  a doctor to see whether they are due to cancer or some other causes. Your doctor may suggest you to see a gastroenterologist who is specialized in diagnosing and treating digestive problems. Personal and family history will be asked by your doctor . You will have to undergone a few tests too. The tests may be used areas following:

  ●● A thorough physical exam▪A thorough body check-up to examined the general signs of health including checking for presence of signs or symptoms  such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. The doctor also will check for swollen lymph nodes. Patient’s health habits and past illness and treatments will also be taken notice by doctor.


 ●●  Blood test▪Blood sample will be taken to measure the amount of certain substances which are released into the body by organs. Unusual amount of a substances can also be a sign of disease in organ or tissue that produces it. A complete blood count (CBC) which is a procedure in which sample of blood is checked for the number of red blood cells and platelets. The amount of hemoglobin (the protein which carries oxygen)in the red blood cells are checked too.



  ●●  Upper endoscopy▪It is a procedure to examined the inside of esophagus, stomach and duodenum (first part of small intestine) for any abnormal areas. An endoscope , a thin lighted tube is passed through the mouth and down the throat into esophagus. It is to look for any abnormal areas in the esophagus, stomach and duodenum. The doctor will first numb your throat with anesthetic spray before starting procedure. You may receive other medication to help you to relax. During this procedure, doctor normally will do biopsy. It is the removal of cells or tissues to be view under microscope. It is to check for any sign of cancer.                                                       ★( Adapted from http://www.theendocenter.net/our-services.htm)


●●  CT Scan▪Doctor will do this procedure to makes a series of detailed pictures of areas in body. A dye may be injected to vein or swallowed to help organs to be view more clearly . The pictures are made by computer linked to an x-ray machine.                                ★ (Adapted from http://medical-equipment-info.blogspot.com/2007/09/ct-scan-machine.html)
⊹Staging⊹If you were diagnosed with stomach cancer, the gastroenterologist needs to examine the stage of your disease in order to help you to choose the best treatment. Staging is the attempt to find out on,-          How big and deeply the tumor invades the wall of the stomach?-          Has the tumor invaded other tissues ?-          Has the cancer spread and affected which parts of body?When stomach cancer has spread to other parts, cancer cell can be found at nearby lymph nodes, liver, pancreas or other organs. Your doctor may check you with these few tests:
a.   ☞【CT Scan】Organs and detailed pictures of organs can be seen at an x-ray machine linked to a computer after dye is injected into your body.
b.  ☞〖Endoscopic ultrasound〗A probe at the end of endoscope will send out sound waves that human cannot hear. A picture will be created by computer with the waves bounces off tissue in your stomach and other organs. This can show how depth has the cancer invaded your stomach wall. Tissue sample of lymph nodes can be taken too.
c.   ☞〖Laparoscopy〗Small incisions or cuts is made at your abdomen. Then ,a thin lighted tube is inserted into the abdomen a few tissue and lymph nodes sample is taken for biopsy.



These are the stages of stomach cancer:
 Stage 0 :In this stage, the tumor is found only in the inner layer of the stomach. It is known as carcinoma or situ. Gastrectomy or lymph nodes dissection treatment will be suggested by doctor for patient at this stage.
 Stage 1:In this stage, the cancer tumor has invaded only the submucosca , the layer with blood vessels and nerves. The cancer cell may be found at maximum of 6 lymph nodes. The cancer tumor can also has invaded the muscle layer .  However, the cancer cell have not spread to other organs or more lymph nodes. A total or partial gastrectomy is the treatment for patients at this stage.
 Stage 2 :In this stage, the stomach tumor has invaded the submucosca  layer. The cancer cell may have spread to 7 to 15 lymph nodes. The tumor may also invaded the muscle layer but not the other organs. Doctor may suggests patient to undergo gastrectomy ,  chemotheraphy and radiation theraphy or lymph nodes dissection.
 Stage 3 :In this stage, the tumor has penetrated the outer layer. The cancer cell have spread 1 to 15 lymph nodes.  Total gastrectomy, chemotheraphy and radiation theraphy treatment will be given to patient who suffer from stomach cancer at this stage.
 Stage 4 :In this stage , the cancer cell has spread to more than 15 lymph nodes. The tumor may have invaded to another nearby organ .  For patients at this stage, they are usually treated with surgery to relieve symptoms, reduce bleeding or removing the blocking tumor. They have to undergone chemotheraphy  to relieve symptoms too.